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PFAS Overview
• What Are PFAS?
• Environmental Challenges
• Polymers vs. Non-Polymers
Drinking Water Regulations
• Federal MCLs for PFAS
• Hazard Index Calculation
• MCL Rounding Rules
• Significant Figures
PFAS Regulation History
• Phaseout of PFOA, PFOS, & Related Precursors
• EPA's Lifetime Health Advisory Timeline
• Recent Federal PFAS Regulations
PFAS Sources
• Production History
• Common Source Types
• Usage by Industry
PFAS Detections in Drinking Water
• National PFAS Detections
• UCMR 5 Results
PFAS Terminology
• Classes & Subclasses
• Perfluorinated vs. Polyfluorinated
• Perfluoroalkyl Acids (PFAAs)
• GenX
• Precursors
• Linear vs. Branched
• Short-Chain vs. Long-Chain
PFAS Health Effects
• Animals
• Humans
Common PFAS Sources
• Aqueous Film Forming Foam (AFFF)
• Landfills
• Wastewater Treatment Plants
• Industrial Facilities
PFAS Chemical Properties
• Anionic Regulated PFAS
• Hydrophilic Head & Hydrophobic Tail
• Anion Exchange Capacity (AEC)
• Partitioning
PFAS Movement in the Environment
• PFAS in Soil & Groundwater
• Groundwater Plume Lengths
• PFAS in Air & Rainwater
• Precursor Transformation
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Drinking Water Sampling
• Sampling Locations & Procedures
• Initial PFAS Monitoring
• Compliance Monitoring
Analytical Methods
• Methods 533 vs. 537.1
• Suspended Sediment Issues
• Isotope Dilution
• Total Oxidizable Precursor Assay
Interpreting Lab Results
• Quality Assurance & Quality Control
• Field Blanks
• Lab Terminology
General Drinking Water Treatment
• Terminology
• Competitive Sorption & Overshoot
• Pretreatment
• Disinfection Issues
• Performance Monitoring
• Media Reactivation and Disposal
• Non-Treatment Options
Best Available Technologies (BATs)
• Granular Activated Carbon (GAC)
• Anion Ion Exchange (AIX)
• Reverse Osmosis (RO)
• Nanofiltration (NF)
Technology Selection & Pilot Testing
GAC vs. AIX Case Studies
BAT Drinking Water Treatment Costs
Point of Use & Point of Entry Systems
Other PFAS Treatment Technologies
• Alternative Sorbents
• Surface Active Foam Fractionation
• Ozofractionation
• Chemical Oxidation/Reduction
• Supercritical Water Oxidation
• Electrochemical Oxidation
• Plasma Treatment
• Sonochemical Treatment
• Hydrothermal Liquefaction
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