Principles of Contaminant Transport and Fate in Soil and Groundwater Training Course: A Focus on the Behavior of Petroleum, Chlorinated Solvents, and Metals - CalEPA Water Board Staff Only

• Potential Fates of Contaminants

• Advective Transport

• Mechanical Dispersion

• Chemical Dispersion

• Matrix Storage
• Back Diffusion
• Effective Solubility and Raoult's Law
  
• High Resolution Site Characterization
  

3- and 4-Phase Equilibrium Partitioning

• 3- and 4-Phase Mass Distribution

• Le Chatelier's Principle 

• Applications of Kd, Koc, foc, Kow, and KH

• NAPL and the One Percent Rule

• Metal Sorption and pH

• Desorption Rates
  

Subsurface Transport

• Soil Properties
  

• Contaminant Infiltration

• Hydrogeology Overview

• Three Point Problem

• Retardation Factors
  

• Contaminant Velocity

• Diving Plumes

• Permeability vs. Gradient
  

Nonaqueous Phase Liquid (NAPL) Transport

• LNAPL Transport and Distribution Scenarios
  

• Saturation and Recoverability

• Specific Retention (Sr)
  

• Concentration of Saturation (Csat)

• DNAPL Transport and Mass Distribution
  

• 14-Compartment Model

Vapor Transport

• Henry's Law and Vapor Pressure
  

• Contaminant Vapor Transport Processes

• Petroleum Vapor Attenuation

• Chlorinated Vapor Attenuation

• Preferential Pathways

• Barometric Pumping

• Natural Attenuation Processes

• Lines of Evidence

• Decay Rates

• Degradation Rate Tools

• Estimating Restoration Time Frame

Focus on Hydrocarbon Contamination

• Gasoline and Diesel Chemistry

• Properties of BTEX, Oxygenates, and Additives

• Soil Retention

• Ethanol Cosolvation and Plume Elongation

• Natural Attenuation Processes

• Geochemical Indicators
  

• Plume Behavior and Redox Zones

• BTEX Plume Lengths
• Monitoring Parameters
  

Focus on Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Contamination

• Chlorinated Solvent Chemistry and Sources
  

• Plume Behavior Classification
  

• Degradation Pathways

• Dehalogenating Microbes
• Role of Hydrogen Gas
• Geochemical Indicators
• Biotransformation Rates
• Zero-Valent Iron (ZVI)
  
• Monitoring Parameters
  

Focus on Metal Contaminants

• Forms of Metal Contamination

• Complexation and Speciation

• Methylation and Demethylation

• Redox and Microbial Effects

• Cation/Anion Exchange

• Sorption to Iron Oxides

• Variably Charged Soils

• Sulfide Precipitation

• Dissolved Solids vs. Metal Mobility

• Facilitated Transport

• Metal Fixation and Aging

• Scenarios Approach to Metal Attenuation